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\n \n MONARCHICAL ORGANISATIONS. The strengthening of liberal and radical opposition movements against absolutism provoked the appearance of monarchical organisations. In 1881, shortly after the assassination of Alexander II on 1 March, the secret society Holy (Sacred) Retinue, that mainly united representatives of court circles, was established in St. Petersburg. The protection of the monarch from terrorist attacks was proclaimed the main objective of the society (M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin called this organisation the Society of Anxious Idlers). Attempts of the retinue to take on functions of the political police encountered the resistance of power structures, and shortly after the coronation of Emperor Alexander III (1883) this organisation ceased to exist. At the beginning of October 1900 the Russian Assembly was established in St. Petersburg, which was a right-wing society of high officials, writers and publicists. The assembly was headed by Prince D.P. Golitsyn, among its participants were Prince M.N. Volkonsky, A.S. Suvorin, N.A. Engelgardt, V.M. Purishkevich, and S.N. Syromyatnikov. In the early November of 1905 the Union of Russian People, headed by A. I. Dubrovin, Purishkevich (until March 1908) and N. E. Markov (until 1910), was formed in St. Petersburg, which existed for the course of the revolution. At the beginning of March 1908, as a consequence of the split of the Union of Russian People, the Russian National Union of the Archangel Michael, whose leaders included Purishkevich, I.I. Baranov, S.A. Volodimerov, I. Vostorgov, P.P. Surin, G.A. Shechkov, was formed. In the spring - summer of 1908 the All-Russian National Union was organised in St. Petersburg (Chairman S.V. Rukhlov, Comrade (Assistant) of the Chairman Prince A.P. Urusov, among its activists were A.P. Nikolsky, M.O. Menshikov, I.S. Durnovo, V.V. Shulgin, P.N. Krupensky and Count V.A. Bobrinsky). Numerous attempts of monarchical organisations to consolidate into a united political party were made in the 1910s, but failed. After the February Revolution of 1917, all monarchical organisations were disbanded.

References: Степанов С. А. Черная сотня в России (1905-1914 гг.). М., 1992; Программы политических партий России, конец XIX - нач. ХХ вв. М., 1995; Кирьянов Ю. И. Правые партии в России, 1911-1917. М., 2001.

A. V. Repnikov.\n
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Persons
\n \n \n Alexander III, Emperor\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Saltykov-Shchedrin (real name Saltykov) Mikhail Evgrafovich\n
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