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\n \n EMBANKMENTS, engineering works built along the waterways of St. Petersburg from the early 18th century in order to stabilise banks and reclaim land. The first wooden embankments appeared in Gorodskoy Island on the left bank of the Neva River between the Main Admiralty and Summer Garden. The first stone embankments were erected along Winter Canal and in the Summer Garden in 1718-23. The stabilisation of the banks of the Neva resumed in the 1730s with architect P. M. Eropkin in charge of the works. Granite embankments were built by architects I. L. Rossi, T. I. Nasonov, and Y. M. Felten from the early 1760s. They were as long as 9.8 kilometres by 1917. Ekaterininsky Canal Embankment (today, Griboedova Canal), Kryukov Canal Embankment, and Fontanka River Embankment were erected in 1764-90. Moika River Embankment etc. were built in 1798-1811. Among the engineers involved were V. Nazimov, I. N. Borisov, I. M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, F. V. Bauer, K. F. Moderach, P. K. Suchtelen, and I. K. and F. I. Gerards. The total length of the embankments exceeded 30 kilometres. An embankment consisted of stone-filled pile foundation, packed wall, granite facing, guard rail, and grating. Two-level wooden embankments were built for goods traffic by engineer P. P. Bazen in Obvodny Canal in 1816-33. New kinds of embankments appeared after October 1917 built by architects L. A. Ilyin, E. I. Katonin, K. M. Dmitriev and V. A. Witman, and engineers B. D. Vasilyev, E. V. Tumilovich, and G. K. Usov including a soil-based terrace in the Spit of Elagin Island; one and two-level sloping type embankments paved with cobble, wild stone, and diabase stone such as Robespierre Embankment, Mytninskaya Embankment, and Kalashnikovskaya Embankment; on site and precast reinforced concrete embankments; vertically walled embankments roughly coated with diabase blocks such as Obvodny Canal Embankment from the Neva to Ligovsky Avenue; and low banquettes such as Lebyazhy Canal Embankment and Karpovka River Embankment. In 2002, embankments were about 154 kilometres long within the precincts of St. Petersburg and about 170 kilometres including suburbs. Bridge companies are in charge of design, construction, and operation of embankments (see Bridges). Many of embankments are maintained by the state.

References: Дмитриев К. М. Мосты и набережные Ленинграда // Архитектура Ленинграда. 1938. № 4. С. 31-46; Его же. Строительство мостов и набережных // Там же. 1940. № 5. С. 61-69; Кочедамов В. И. Набережные Невы. Л.; М., 1954; Тумилович В. Е., Алтунин С. Е. Мосты и набережные Ленинграда. М., 1963; Захаров О. Н. Архитектурные панорамы невских берегов. Л., 1984.

D. Y. Guzevich, S. Z. Suponitsky, N. M. Kozlovskaya.\n
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Persons
\n \n \n Bauer Fedor Villimovich\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Felten Yury (Georg Friedrich) Matveevich\n
\n \n \n \n \n Gerard Ivan (Johann Konrad) Kondratievich\n
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