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\n \n ART NOUVEAU (from the French for \"new art\"), the style in architecture and art of the late19th - early 20th centuries. In St. Petersburg, it developed from the end of 1890s through to the early 1910s. The adherents of the Art Nouveau strived to create the new style forms and means of expression, rejecting the use of old styles. The complete aesthetic innovation of subject and space media happened due to the search for the structural integrity of buildings, the organic intercommunication of functional, constructive, and compositional decisions. The formation of the St. Petersburg Art Nouveau developed under the strong, and determinant, at first, influence of the new trends in Europe. The earliest Art Nouveau buildings in St. Petersburg were designed by the architects G.V. Baranovsky, K.K. Schmidt, V.V. Schaub, R.F. Meltzer. Early Art Nouveau (prior to mid-1900) is characterized by dominating of fluid curvilinear shapes, decorative-ornamental image organization, individualization of elements and stylization of natural (mainly plant) motifs. These features are apparent in the works of architect F.F. Lumberg (his private house in 9 Perekupny Lane;1903), F. F. von Postels (the house on 28 Bolshaya Zelenina Street; 1904-05), M.F. Geissler (the mansion of M.G. Savina, 17 Literatorov Street, 1905-06). A group of mansions on Kamenny Island (architects V.I. Shene, Меltzer etc.) is characterized by expressive use of plastics, picturesque silhouettes, contrasting combinations of materials and a Neo-Romantic treatment of the image. The structural principles of Art Nouveau - planning with fluid spaces of apartments, asymmetrical composition with embrasures different in sizes and conformation - are implemented one by one in the building of Vitebsky Railway Station (1901-04, architects S.A. Brzhozovsky, S.I. Minash), in mansions of M. F. Kschessinska (1904-06, architect A.I. von Gogen, see Kschessinska Mansion) and of S.N. Chaev (1906-07, architect V.P. Apyshkov). The Northern Art Nouveau formed under influence of the Finnish and Swedish national Romanticism and became widely spread in St. Petersburg. The architect F.I. Lidval became its founder and leader, while architects I. A. Pretro (the house on 44 Bolshoy Avenue of Petrogradskaya Side, 1906-07), N.V. Vasilyev and A.F. Bubyr were its followers. The Art Nouveau added plastic expression, intensive dynamics and active outlines to the buildings of St. Petersburg. Natural stone, polychrome facing brick and tiles and other textured finish enriched the architectural palette of the city. Sculptural reliefs, decorative metal, majolica, mosaics, and stained glass were widely used in the decoration of interiors. In the elaborated Art Nouveau style (mid-1900s - early 1910s), tendencies for a clear rationalization, geometry and laconicism became clear. The development of rational tendencies caused the emergence of proto-constructivist trend of the Art Nouveau, based on the principles of functional practicability, revealing of the constructive basis of buildings. The examples of the aesthetic treatment of metallic or cast-iron wire frame structures with large glass surfaces can be seen in the trade buildings of S. Esders and K. Skheifals (73/15 Moika River Embankment; 1906-07, architect K.N. de Rochefort, V.A. Lipsky); the Trade House of the Guards' Economical Society ( 21-23 Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street, 1908-09, 1912-13, architects E. F. Wirrich, N.V. Vasilyev etc.), New Passage (57 Liteiny Avenue, 1912-13, architect N.V. Vasilyev). The influence of shape-making methods of the Art Nouveau was also reflected in free treatment of historical prototypes, mainly typical for the modernized Neoclassic (architect Lidval) and the Neobyzantine style (architects V.A. Pokrovsky, D.A. Kryzhanovsky, A.P. Aplaksin). In the early 1910s, Art Nouveau was pushed back by Neoclassicism and other retrospective trends.

References: 100 лет петербургскому модерну: Материалы науч. конф. СПб., 2000; Кириков Б. М. Архитектура петербургского модерна: Особняки и доходные дома. СПб., 2003.

Б. М. Кириков.\n
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Persons
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Gogen Alexander Ivanovich von\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Meltzer Roman (Robert-Friedrich) Fedorovich\n
\n \n \n \n \n Pokrovsky Vladimir Alexandrovich\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Schmidt Karl Karlovich\n
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